What is the term for the process by which bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate?

The correct term for the process by which bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate is nitrification. This biological process involves two main steps: first, ammonia (NH3) is oxidized to nitrite (NO2-) by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and then nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate (NO3-) by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. Nitrification is an essential part of the nitrogen cycle, as it transforms ammonia, which can be toxic to aquatic organisms, into nitrate, a form of nitrogen that plants can readily assimilate.

Understanding nitrification is critical in wastewater treatment as it helps to reduce ammonia levels in effluent discharges, thereby mitigating potential environmental effects. In the context of wastewater treatment plants, maintaining optimal conditions for nitrifying bacteria, such as appropriate temperature, pH, and oxygen levels, is vital for ensuring effective ammonia removal from wastewater.