What is a membrane bioreactor (MBR)?

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) is defined as a treatment system that combines biological treatment with membrane filtration. This technology integrates biological processes, typically involving microorganisms that break down organic matter in wastewater, with a membrane filtration process that physically separates treated water from sludge and suspended solids.

The key feature of an MBR is that it allows for the simultaneous removal of contaminants while producing a permeate that is generally of high quality, which can be reused or discharged with fewer restrictions compared to traditional treatment methods. By using membranes, MBR systems effectively enhance the treatment efficiency and can reduce the footprint of the treatment facility because they allow for a more compact design.

In comparison, the other options address different technologies or processes within wastewater treatment. While UV light is important for disinfection, it is not related to the membrane processes of MBRs. Anaerobic digestion systems focus on the breakdown of organic material in the absence of oxygen but do not incorporate membrane filtration as part of their primary function. Similarly, while enhancing nutrient recovery is an important aspect of wastewater treatment, it doesn’t specifically define the operational mechanics and structure of a membrane bioreactor.